Object Oriented Programming Languages

By Raul Bernardino

In the general, when we are developing system applications or computer programs with the object oriented or structured programming languages, we will meet several advantages and disadvantages. [1] Pascal and Assembler are examples of structured programming languages. Pascal is most popular uses to teach and helping students in the formal education. The structured programming language depends on the series of statements of the commands in which they are straight and cannot redirect to execute the statements in other area of the programming.

[2] If we compare the structured of the programming to the object oriented programming languages, the object oriented contains of the modular, which are can be reusable. As it’s a modular, it can be executed at several points, through-out the program. Moreover, it means, we do not need to rewrite the complexity of classes or functions. What we need to do, is to reuse them (modular). The popular object oriented languages are Java and C++.

The advantage of using structured programming:  It does not need to classes and complex functions. It is simply writing a straight forward piece of code, and totally depends on the purpose of having the program or application. We have to define program with a flexibility of creating function and procedures.

The disadvantage of using structure programming:  It will be taking up more time and energy to developing codes. We have to rewrite similar procedures or functions during programming code because it is not a reusable section. The procedure, function, and code are executing sequential. Therefore, you may found several similar codes repeatedly in the program. In short, we have to recreate same functions or procedures for same program.

The advantages to using object oriented programming languages: It consists of modular. It allows us to write a reusable piece of codes such as a function or a class, and it can be reuse multiple times in one program without to rewrite the whole process. This can save the developer much more time and effort in the development process. It can be distribute among the applications in the same platform which calls Application Program Interface (API). Some functions can be recalling from another program without recreate them.  In the short, create a program as an object oriented naturally comes with events, function, method or modular, procedures, and property.

The disadvantages of using an object oriented programming language: Probably one the disadvantage is full of complexity.

It is not recommended to use object oriented languages when developer is developing smaller or less complex programs or programs that are built to run on low powered computers, however it is recommend to use object oriented when it is more complex and programs or applications that runs in more powered computers.

[3] The object oriented language paradigm is reflecting to the human way of thinking and conceptualizing. Why is that, it is because in the object oriented language often use the exiting modular to it owns purposes of programming.

Talking about some keys concept of object oriented language, I can analogy them as a book.  

[4] Object: Gray Booch, (1991) define the object as “something you can do things to”. In this case, book is an object for us to read or write. Car is an object for us to use or drive.

[5] Function: the book can give us an answer or give us a reference of knowledge. The function in the object oriented is a program unit whereas we can call. It will be processing the inputs according to the function and it will return or giving an output or an answer to calling program unit.

Procedure: Who allow having or can read the book. How you get the book (buys it or borrows it). The book (control) is transferred to you to take over once you finished the reading you return to the owner. In this case procedure takes over the control and will return the result to the calling program unit once it processed.  

Event: It is a processing of reading and writing a book. An event is away for class to provide notification when something interest come about. 

Method: How you would like open or close the book. The Method is a collection of procedures in which contains a series of statements whereas to describe how the object is respond to the range on various event.

References:

[1] Janea Tyalor, Computers are Fun [internet].Available from: http://janeataylor.wordpress.com/2005/12/02/structured-vs-object-oriented-programming/ (Accessed: 5 November 2010)

[2] J. Glenn Brookshear, (2009) Computer science: An Overview. 10^th Edition, Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley, Ch 6, P.281

[3] Advantages and Disadvantages of Object-Oriented Approach [internet]. Available from: http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_object_oriented_approach.htm (Accessed: 5 November 2010)

[4] Booch, Grady. Object-Oriented Design with Applications. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Redwood City, CA. 1991, P. 516 [internet]. Available from: http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/ooa.html#REF_1  (Accessed: 5 November 2010)

[5] Key Object-Oriented Concepts and how to use them in Visual C# [Internet]. Available from:

http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cs/KeyObjectOrientedConcepts.aspx (Accessed: 5 November 2010)

Computer Language and Algorithm

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction: The nature of the algorithm is how details of the algorithm are represented. Brookshear, J. Glenn, (2009) “It is important to emphasize the distinction between an algorithm and its representation this is analogous to the distinction between a story and a book”. Every story by nature is an abstract and concept and book is a physical representation of the story itself. The book can be translated in to several different languages and format however, the story will be remaining the same.

[1]The distinction between algorithm and representation become a problem when we are trying to communicate the algorithms. For example converts the temperature of Celsius (C) into Fahrenheit (F). It is sufficient for a meteorologist that is F should be (9/5) C + 32, however for a layperson will be arguing that is uncertainty. Therefore, the layperson needs more details information of the description. The layperson may question on why is F= (9/5) C+32 and where this 9/5 and 32 are coming from?

[2] The description should be explained that there are five different meteorologists; they are Celsius(C), Reaumur(R), Kevin(K), Rankine(RK), and Fahrenheit(F).  They had different approach of scale range of measurement of the temperature degrees. In the case of Celsius was using 5 in scale range, Reaumur’s (R) 4 and Fahrenheit’s 9 and plus 32. In the short the differences of those three individuals are C: R: F equals to 5:4:9. On the zero degree point of view C=0^o, R=0^o, and F=32^o

Brookshear, J. Glenn, (2009) “The representation of an algorithm requires form of language”. Computer science approaches the problems by using well define set of building block. By setting up the precise definition during the building a block can remove the uncertainty. In this case the algorithm requires details, specifics, and establishes level of uniform. The primitive also have its own syntax and semantic. Syntax refer to a symbolic while semantic refer to the meaning of the build block. If an algorithm is expressed at the details level, the certainty have a program that suitable for machine. However it is boring to the high level language. 

[3] A pseudo-code is and algorithm system notation in which ideas is expressed informally. This pseudo-code is using at the early stage of program development in which is consist of syntax and semantic. The goal is to develop algorithm consistent and concise notation for representing semantic structure. While a formal programming language is one selective programming language to program the algorithms for solution. The examples of a formal programming language are program language C, program language assembler, program language Turbo Pascal etc. 

As any form of language is a set of valid sentences in which, we can also break into two valid things: syntax and semantics. The term syntax refers to grammatical structure while the term semantics refers to the meaning of the vocabulary and symbols which is arranging within that structure. In some cases, we can see that is the grammatical or syntactically valid does not mean sensible or semantically valid too.

[4] John R. Anderson (1995) defines this syntax and semantic in his book “Cognitive psychology and its implications" as, ‘Semantics- Grammatical rules for assigning meaning to a sentence. Syntax- grammatical rules for specifying correct word order and inflectional structure in a sentence’.

However, the semantics are an individual’s own interpretation of the meaning of a "sentence" based on their prior knowledge. For example sentence "Baby milk drinks" does not have a syntactic meaning, but through semantics most people would interpret it as meaning “Baby drinks milk”

Four people have to walk through the bridge with several conditions: Andrew needs one minute (1’) to cross the bridge, Blake needs two minutes (2’), Johnson needs four minutes (4’), and Kelly needs eight minutes (8’), total time need in this exercise is fifteen minutes (15’) for all of them to cross the bridge, maximum number of people to walk through together is two, and every trip must with lantern.

The solution as follows:

1.     Andrew and Johnson go first  with lantern and result of time used 4’

2.     Andrew go back with lantern needs 1’ and result of time used 5’

3.     Andrew and Blake go with lantern need 2’ and result of time used 7’

4.     Andrew go back with lantern and result of time used 8’

5.     Andrew and Kelly last go with lantern need 8’ and result of time used for last movement is15’

6.     end;

Within a time period of 15 minutes all of them are managed to get their destination. Above steps is a pseudo-code to prepare code writings into any computer languages.

References:

[1 ] J. Glenn Brookshear, (2009) Computer science: An Overview. 10^th Edition, Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley, Ch 5, P.224

[2] Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Réaumur, and Rankine Temperature Conversion [Internet]. Available from:
 http://www.csgnetwork.com/tempconv.html (Accessed:  3 November 2010)

[3]  J. Glenn Brookshear, (2009) Computer science: An Overview. 10^th Edition, Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley, Ch 5, P.228

[4] Syntax Vs. Semantics [Internet]. Available from: http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Hypermail/Explaining.Mind96/0238.html (Accessed:  3 November 2010)

Program or Software Verification, Validation, and Tuning

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

Any electronic devices such as starting from refrigerators to electric shavers, ever-greater numbers of consumer goods are being computerized to provide additional benefits to the user. In the products lines, for instance cars, watches, mobile phones, Air Conditioners, and TV-sets, are now increasing their functionality in order to gain and fulfill the market demands. It is also has increased the complexity of the products. The software that powers these features is embedded and has to react in real-time to events from outside (e.g. activating a car air bag in case of an accident, auto drive cars, etc.).

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function as part of a larger system or product. Embedded software is software designed to perform a dedicated function as part of a larger (software) system. A real-time system is able to response to an external event within a given time.

Embedded systems form the by far the largest part of presently used computer systems. The class of embedded systems includes both, systems which are similar to the present Personal Computer (PC), and smallest systems with a minimal memory and calculator capacity. The development of software systems for such platforms makes by far higher demands than the development of general purpose systems for the use on PC and workstations. However, in this very area, progressive development techniques such as object-oriented design and implementation are only slowly gaining ground. Moreover, the common machine language is to enable machines or parts to work as it is designed can use Assembler the low level machine language, Turbo Pascal, turbo C, and most recently C++. The resulting deficits mainly affect the area of re-usability of existing solutions, and the verification and validation of embedded systems, respectively.

In my own opinion the program or software verification, validation, and tuning will be continuing exist in the future. Why is that, it is because there will be a lot of software applications and programs to be developed wherein to meet to the demands from the customers and business entities in particular. Therefore, system application in this case software needs to have a standard of validation, verification of the system in order to meet the customer needs or including satisfying business requirements. No matter in what approaches it would be, either it is manual approach or automatic approach.

[1]The modeling of Artificial Intelligent can be replaced all manual software testing. At this moment, the automatics algorithm test will be cost effective rather than manuals check in which inspects one by one steps of coding, logic, software development standard, errors detection and etc. [2],[3] The manual testing will be harder and time consuming. It will be using lot recourses (programmers and system analysts, -man power) and at the end it’s becoming an expensive cost.

In some cases, the manual approach of verification and validation still needed as far as those businesses are not on real-time decision making or real-time solution needs. Because the program will be taking a time to solve the problem by his/her owns algorithm and logic. Furthermore, it needs verification and validation test.

In the case above, I am thinking that, there would be no more work of art. What would happen is that, there will be having a lot of system analyst in which is to determine what model is precisely closer to the problem solution that the customer requires.

One of many examples is in Europe the [4]  ‘ESA PSS-05-0 describes the software engineering standards to be applied for all deliverable software implemented for the European Space Agency (ESA), either in-house or by industry’.

The Verification of the software

These are [5] ‘act of reviewing, inspecting, testing, checking, auditing, or otherwise establishing and documenting whether items, processes, services or documents conform to specified requirements’.

The verifier reviews, checks, and tests or audits all relate documents to conform all specified needs. If it is not meet according to what planned, then rework the whole process.

The Validation of the software

These are a processing of the [6] ‘system evaluation or component during, at the end of the development processes in which to determine whether they are satisfying the specified requirements’.

This is a part of appraiser to sign off the project of software development if the software is satisfying the needs otherwise reworks the parts that need to be fixed.

The Walkthrough of the software

[6] ‘A static analysis technique in which a designer or programmer leads members of the development team and other’. This is to allow the designer to check and recheck during developing code, make a comparator to the development standards, find internal errors or defects, and etc.

[7] Picture

The objective of verification and validation are to test the life-cycle of application in which to discover system defects and assess whether or not the system is usable in the operational environment.

REFERENCES:

1. Shuvendu K. Lahiri and Shaz Qadeer (2007) Back to the Future Revisiting Precise Program Verification using SMT Solvers, Microsoft Research [internet]. Available from: http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/70462/tr-2007-88.pdf (Accessed: 30 October  2010)
2.  Frank Hutter, Domagoj Babi´c, Holger H. Hoos, and Alan J. Hu, Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Boosting Verification by Automatic Tuning of Decision Procedures [internet]. Available from: http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/FAMCAD.2007.9 (Accessed: 30 October  2010)
3.  Arthur Chargueraud, (2009), Formal Software Verification Through Characteristic Formulae [internet]. Available from: http://www.chargueraud.org/arthur/research/2009/cfg/cfg.pdf  (Accessed: 30 October  2010)
4.  ESA Software Engineering Standards, ESA PSS-05-0 Issue 2, February 1991, [Internet]. Available from: ftp://ftp.estec.esa.nl/pub/wm/wme/bssc/PSS0510.pdf  (Accessed: 30 October  2010)
5.  ANSI/ASQC A3-1978, Quality Systems Terminology [Internet]. Available from: ftp://ftp.estec.esa.nl/pub/wm/wme/bssc/PSS0510.pdf (Accessed: 30 October  2010)
6.  IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, ANSI/IEEE Std 610.12-1990, [Internet]. Available from:  ftp://ftp.estec.esa.nl/pub/wm/wme/bssc/PSS0510.pdf (Accessed: 30 October  2010)
7.  Software Engineering, Edition 6^th, Chapter 19

Five Major Responsibilities for any OS

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction:

An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices. It is the first program loaded into the computer by a boot program and remains in memory at all times.  The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.  The three major OS responsibility are:

Boot a computer:  It is responsible to process the start or the restart the computer machine.

Device Management:  The management of devices is to control all peripheral devices which are plugged in the computer system and operating by giving them instructions into its own proper-language or interface. The soft application which knows how to operate each of the interfaces that is attached and integrated in the personal computer machine calls driver. The OS requires drivers for each of devices that are plugged into the computer machine.

Any new peripheral devices that are going to add or to plug, these devices drivers are required to install into the operating system in order to operate normally.  In other word, without soft application/drives, the operating system itself cannot communicate or operate the peripheral devices.  

The management of device is an essential part of operating system, because it is organizing all system devices on computer machine.

Provide user Interface: This can be a command lines or graphical user interface (GUI)

Job Management:  Any executing of the program in the computer system calls Job. The job management controls every orders and locking the time for each of programs to run. To simplifying in the operating system, it will begin with a program setup as a transition between the jobs. It can be a collection of the job in on a single batch without an interaction with the user. The batch processing systems, reads base on the First In First Out (FIFO). FIFO will be executing job in the queuing line.  

Far before today sophisticate OS, the IBM's job control language had developed in a decades. In a personal computer situation, batch file can be written to perform a sequence of jobs that can be scheduled to start at a given time. It’s also an essential part of operating system, simply because organize all application and program that are running on the system and it is including orders from user to execute.

Data Management: The management of the Data or file keeps track and retrieve of the information on the hard-disk, in the memory, and on the optical-storage devices. These files can be distinct by names or been grouped in the folders. The OS's file system knows where those data are located or stored physically on sectors of magnetic - disk and interact among soft - application and OS are through programming interface.  

This is a very good example of shells and kernel in the operating system. In Window very much use Graphic User Interface (GUI) to interact with user and Application Program Interface to interact with kernel.

No	OS Category	Criteria	Supported	Windows XP	Windows 7
1	Input / Output	To organize, execute devices and drivers and including files	Microsoft	Intel Pentium III 600 MHz or higher processor 256 MB of RAM 15 GB hard drive SVGA display adapter and Plug and Play monitor Keyboard, mouse, or other pointing device CD-ROM 12x of faster Network adapter	Architecture:   32 bit      64 bit Processor     :  1 GHz    1 GHz Memory      :   1 GB      2 GB Graphic       :  Directx9 HDD use     :     16 GB   20 GB Optical        :       DVD media
2	Program Execution	Execute  and  terminate program and loaded to memory	Microsoft	Office 2007	Office 2007
3	Error Detection	Detect error, from keyboard, printers, while processing request from user	Microsoft	yes	yes
4	Resource Allocation	Manage the available recourses	Microsoft	yes	yes
5	File Management	Hierarchical Filing Systems – NTFS,  FAT32,  FAT,  Ext2 Metadata – Permissions, Size, Location, Attributes including Read, write, modify, rename, or even delete	Microsoft	Windows Explorer, Hard to search	Powerful Searching engine, easy to view and organize
6	Accounting	Setup profile for each users	Microsoft	One user  per log in	Multiple users log in at once
7	Security	Authentication, firewall, etc	Microsoft	Weak	Strong including Bit locker

Reference List:

• Basic functions of an operating system [On-line]. Available from: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/info_tech/compulsory/os/4014/basic_functions.htm  (Accessed: 20 February 2013)
• List 5 major functions of a operating system [On-line]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/List_5_major_functions_of_a_operating_system   (Accessed: 20 February 2013)
•  FUNCTION OF OPERATING SYSTEM [On-line]. Available from: http://www.blurtit.com/q938183.html    (Accessed: 20 February 2013)
• J. Glenn Brookshear, (2009) Computer science: An Overview and Operating System. 10^th Edition, Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley, Ch 3, Sec 3.1-3.2, P.140-149

A Nonvolatile Memory

By Raul Bernardino

Today’s computing systems memories can be explained in two different classes. They are: the first class is a volatile memories and the second class is a non-volatile memories.

The volatile memories classes are hundred per cent relay on electricity power. This memory technology will be losing a data or information, whenever power removed from its computing systems or it devices. Therefore, it is require a permanent power to remain data availability. Most of today random access memories (RAMs) are classify as volatile.

Non-volatile memory (NVM) class will be not losing any data information when where the system or device power goes off. The data remains available. It cans insert or remove from computer system without losing any information, e.g. hard disk, flash disk, compact disk, DVDs, etc.

Non-volatile memory devices are constructed with metal oxide silicon (MOS) transistors which are having sources, drains, accesses or a control gates, and a floating gates. The data information is stored in the floating gate and it is retained even when the power goes off. All floating gate memories have the same generic of cell structure. Typically, floating gate devices are used in electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) and electrically erasable and programmable read only memory (EEPROM). Base on this implementation of technology, the computer system architect designer will looking the way to improve.

Non-volatile random access memory is computer memory technology which has developed since 1990s. One of the IBM products is magneto-resistive random access memory (MRAM) which is classifying as non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) technology. However, technology is continuing increase in the market namely flash RAM, SRAM and DRAM. I believe that the advantages are so overwhelming that magneto-resistive RAM will eventually become dominant for all types of memory, and they are becoming a true universal memory.

I believe computer that the architects and designers will be designing a RAM where it will be using more magneto-resistive in their designs. Additionally, this technology will lead to less electrical consumption and computer will be cheaper in the market.

Bibliography:

• Jitu J. Makwana, Dr. Dieter K. Schroder (2004) A Nonvolatile Memory Overview [Internet]. Available from: http://aplawrence.com/Makwana/nonvolmem.html ( Accessed: 8 February 2013 )
• Freescale semiconductor Data Sheet [Internet]. Available from: http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/MR2A16A.pdf (Accessed: 8 February 2013)
• Barry Hoberman (2007) The Emergence of Practical MRAM, -‘the winner of novel price in physic’, Crocus Technologies [Internet]. Available from: http://www.crocus-technology.com/pdf/BH%20GSA%20Article.pdf ( Accessed: 8 February 2013 )

CISC and RISC

By Raul Bernardino

Introduction

The computer architects are designing central processing units (CPU) with a comprehensive structure of commands in which can be executed. They are divided the computer processors instruction in two major groups of philosophy of the CPU.

The first group of designers is focusing on minimum set of machine instructions which can be executed and it calls RISC. The RISC is an abbreviation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). Because of the simplicity in the instruction, it becomes a common statement or argument that RISC architecture is faster and efficient.

The second group of designer is focusing on the complexity of processor instruction s in which to be executed and it calls CISC. The

CISC is an abbreviation of Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC). Because of the complexity of instruction architecture, it is easier to program s processors and it would be a single instruction to accomplish multi tasks rather than multi-instruction like in the RISC.

The advantages of RISC:

• The new tested micro-processor will be developing processor more faster
• System developer can be easily developing a code with smaller instruction set
• More freedom for system developer to use the space

One of the characteristics of the RISC is simplification of instructions, same length of instructions, and one machine-cycle instruction.

Pros and Cons of RISC

The implementation a simple instruction in system design has more advantage. Since, it is simplify the instruction, the speed will be high compare to CISC in same clock rate; the simplicity of instruction in RISC processor also makes smaller chips and has more space.

The design of the RISC processors is quicker than the CISC processors design. The CISC and RISC are having processors terms. The terms are becoming meaningless of both RISC and CISC evolution. It has been implementing in the processor of 486 in the Intel, AMD, Cytrix, and IBM companies.

Pros and Cons of CISC

Advantages: Initial development, the instructions of processor used a technology to maximize a performance of computer.

• Using micro-programming of assembly which cheap compare to hard wiring as unit control
• The micro-coding instructions to allowed designers make a processor upwardly compatibility
• Efficient by using the slowness of main memory
• The compiler has not been a complicated

Disadvantages of CISC as follows:

• The processor families were contained as a subset in every new instruction
• Many instructions could be stored in memory with which is not wasting space
• Typical instructions set create condition codes that has side effect of the instruction

Beside these two groups of philosophies above, they are also divided into three major operations which are data transfer, arithmetic/logic, and data control.

Bibliography:

• Reduced instruction set computing[Internet].Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing (Accessed: 8 February 2013)
• CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) [Internet]. Available from: http://www.laynetworks.com/CISC.htm (Accessed: 8 February 2013)
• J. Glenn Brookshear, (2009) Computer science: An Overview and Machines Language. 10th Edition, Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley, Ch 2, Sec 2.2, P.103-104